Re-establishment of Native Plants by Seed Germination

Re-establishment of Native Plants by Seed Germination Re-establishment of Native Plants by Seed Germination  in the State of Kuwait 1.1 Desertification Desertification and land degradation has become a matter of increasing importance both locally and globally. Due to heat fluctuations produced by climate change, arid and semi-arid areas are becoming easily susceptible and prone to desertification (Kassas, 1995). Conservation of natural desert habitats should be a priority for environmental agencies and governments especially in arid regions of the world (Stringer, 2008). Water scarcity is one of the factors provoking an increase of vegetation in arid climates, which can lead to land degradation and desertification (Dhief et al., 2009). The term desertification is used in diverse ways in the literature (Stringer, 2008). For this paper, it refers to land degradation in relation to loss of plant species diversity as well as loss of soil resources (Brown, 2003). The primary factor in the degradation of deserts is low rainfall, not to mention the huge impact on the deserts biodiversity from human activities such as camping, car racing or rallying (Brown et al., 2001), and unsupervised grazing by sheep and camels as well as the rapid increase of human population (Whitford, 2006). 1.2 Climate change and plant restoration Climate change is a global issue which is still rising and damaging our environment. Global warming is mainly caused and exacerbated by human influences and activities. Plant restoration is one way to reduce the effect of climate change (Dosery et al., 2012). Arid regions of the world are being effected by climate change the most. The issue of desertification primarily affects areas with less vegetation similar to those in desert areas (Hanafi et al., 2008) Restoration of plants to their natural habitats in arid climates with pressures from grazing and overpopulation is challenging. One way to vegetate these areas is germinating seeds of native species in lab condition to be transplanted in the desert. Plant restoration is a slow process, especially in ecosystems with unfavorable environmental conditions such as low rainfall, high evaporation rates and poor soil composition, precisely the conditions which are found in desert ecosystems (Bolling et al., 2000). Because seedbanks of desert plants can lie dormant for long periods of time, and can later germinate under favorable conditions (Brown et al., 2003) which can be replicated in lab facilities. 1.3 Seed germination and plant growth Seed germination is a process in which the seed emerges from dormancy and grows into a new plant. This occurs when environmental conditions are favourable including temperature, soil composition and water, (Derbel et al., 2007). This process is used to promote and establish plant seedlings for various desert species, which can contribute to increasing plant population for instance in arid and semi-arid climates. According to research on desert plants, temperature is one of the most important factors promoting seed germination, also it plays a big role in plant growth. Indeed, the optimal temperature for seed to germinate is usually close to the average temperature in the species natural habitat (Derbel et al., 2010). Knowledge of the life history, ecology and natural habitat of native species is important for a successful plant reestablishments. The most important part of the plant cycle is seed germination (Derbel et al.,2007). Scarification is a botanical term which refers to the process by which the coat of the seeds is opened, and it can be undertaken mechanically or chemically. Seed germination depends primarily on the level of moisture in the environment and temperature (El-Keblawy, Abdelfattah Khedr, 2015). This paper will examine seed germination treatment in the context of three different factors. The first is temperature: if the temperature is too high then the seed which has been planted for germination will die (Gorai, Laajili, Santiago Neffati, 2015). Low temperatures can also impact seed germination. The second factor which impacts seed germination is scarification of the seeds. The third factor relating to the pre-treatment of seeds for germination is soaking in water. It is important to soak the seeds in water prior to planting to give them the best chance of germinating (Gorai, Laajili, Santiago Neffati, 2015). 1.4 Use of peat moss for plant production Using peat moss to promote seed germination implies the use of stratification, which is a moist, cold treatment: this does not apply to desert plants, since they are mostly promoted by temperature and scarification[ES1]. It is reported that peat moss has growth-promoting substances, including antibiotics and oestrogens (Cox Westing, 2013). 1.5 Study area (add refrences) Kuwait is a small country located in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula, with a total area of 17,820 km2 and a human population of 4.3 million. Kuwait borders Iraq (north) and Saudi Arabia (west and south), while the east of the country lies at the tip of the Persian Gulf, reaching its highest elevation above sea level at 280 m (Brown Al-Mazrooei, 2003).   The climate of Kuwait is considered an arid climate, with summer temperatures ranging from 35-50 ° C. Summer lasts from May to September, with the hottest temperatures occurring from June to August. Winters are dry and cool with mean temperatures ranging from 6-20 ° C. Rainfall varies from year to year, with an average documented rainfall of 120mm (Halwagy et al., 1982). On average, evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation on a yearly basis (Halwagy Halwagy, 1974a). 1.6 The vegetation and soils of Kuwait The vegetation cover of Kuwait is less than 10 % (Brown, 2001). The dominant plant of Kuwait isRhanterium epapposum. There has been no documentation of native trees found in the deserts of Kuwait, while only one tree (6al7a) has been recorded as a native tree and protected in nature reserves (Brown Al-Mazrooei, 2003). Soil texture and composition is an important factor for plant regeneration in desert climates. The primary soil characteristics to be considered in seed germination are soil texture, depth, permeability, penetrability and fertility (Batanouny, 1990). Sandy alkaline soils are dominant in the deserts of Kuwait, and these have low water retention, which is a disadvantage for seed germination (Johns et al., 1984). However, rainfall on sandy soils can be more effective for seed germination than on clay soils (Carbon, 1975). 1.7 Native plants Calligonum comosum Calligonum is a genus of perennial shrubs from the Polygonaceae family. One of the striking features of the species is that it is covered with numerous bristled fruits, which are easily carried by the wind, thus avoiding burial in the sand. The Latin genus name comes from the Greek words callus (beautiful) and gonos (knee), and reflects the original shape of the twigs as they link to one another (Gouja, Garnatje, Hidalgo, Neffati, Raies Garcia, 2015). Calligonum comosum is a native plant to the state of Kuwait. It is a perennial shrub which grows up to 2m tall with a crown ranging from 1-2.5m. Its leaves are simple and green. The   flowering season runs from March to April, with the red flowers attracting birds. The most widespread use of this plant is to stabilise sand dunes and wind breaks, but it also fixes soil to provide protein for livestock, provides wood for fuel and burns without smoke. It is one of the most common plants used to fight desertification and is usually employed along with other native plants for rehabilitation purposes. The most critical stage for this plant is seed germination and seedling stabilisation (Qu et al., 2008). It is prone to heavy grazing since it is a major source of food for camels, as well as goats and sheep (fact sheet). The active ingredients include tannins contained within the green branches of Calligonum. The fruits are edible, and taste similar to an apple. The economic significa nce of these shrubs is very high. Their young branches and fruits, with a pleasantly sour taste, are readily eaten by sheep and camels. In winter, the sheep eat fallen twigs and fruit from the ground. The nutritional value of these products is rather high in conventional feed units. The timber produced by this tree is dense and heavy (it sinks in water), and the pink kernel is a good building material in the desert environment. The wood is also used as fuel for various crafts. Finally, Calligonum is excellent fixative of sand and is used for reclamation in areas of mobile sand. The plant can form new side (adventitious) roots at the base of the stalks after backfilling them with sand (El-Keblawy, Abdelfattah Khedr, 2015). Farsetia Aegyptia This is a perennial shrub that grows in coarse sandy soil, reaching a height of up to 60 cm. Its leaves are succulent and linear, its blooming season is from March to June, and it has greenish-brown flowers. The fruit has a winged seed. This plant has no documented or official publications (Farsetia aegyptia Overview Encyclopedia of Life, 2017). Rhanterium epapposum This is the national plant of Kuwait, and the most dominant plant found in the countrys deserts. This bush grows up to 1m tall, has small narrow leaves which fall in late spring, and becomes dormant during the summer season. Its flowering season is from March to May, with small yellow flowers. For this plant to germinate, the capitulum must be facing upwards, with the achene still attached to the capitulum. Seeds can be viable for more than 4 years (Ahmed, Al-Dousari and Al-Dousari, 2016), and the plant is mainly used for skin infections and for fuel in remote areas. Calligonum comosum, which does not require a lot of water to grow and tends to grow in areas with low rainfall (Gouja, Garnatje, Hidalgo, Neffati, Raies Garcia, 2015); Rhanterium epapposum, which is bushy and is produced naturally as well as with the help of vegetation[ES2]; and Farsetia aegyptia which is also used to combat desertification with the assistance of seed germination. The main objective of this study is to determine why seed germination is important and under what conditions it can take place. The study will discuss how seed germination occurs under different conditions and the factors which affect it. Three desert plants will be used in the   seed germination experiment The aim of this study is to induce seed germination using chemical treatments such as gibberellic acid in two different concentrations (ppm) and physical scarification treatment with two different intensity levels. The second part of the study will investigate four different ratios of peat moss to sand to measure plant growth of seedlings of three desert species in Kuwait. This study will contribute to increasing vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas such as Kuwait, and explore the conditions in which seed germination can take place, including environmental conditions and appropriate temperature (Gouja, Garnatje, Hidalgo, Neffati, Raies Garcia, 2015). As we know, the more plants are grown, the more we can protect our environment. Seed germination is one process for producing plants by artificial methods, which would participate in desert revegetation by transplanting native species back in their natural habitat. Seed germination experiment Three plants will be investigated in this study: Calligonum comosum, Rhanterium epapposum and Farsetia aegyptia. Ten seeds from each species will undergo two seed germination treatments, each with two different intensities. First is a physical treatment in the form of scarification using sand paper, with two different intensities of scarification. Second is a chemical treatment using two different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). All treatments will be undertaken in the same environment and temperature conditions. The experiment will be replicated three times. Figure 1 Plant growth with peat moss For this experiment, seedlings from three species will be tested in five soil mixtures with different sand to peat moss ratios. A block of 15 seedlings, each with a different soil mixture (5 soil mixtures for each species) will be replicated 5 times (Figure 2).   Environmental factors such as temperature, soil moisture and pH will be measured for analysis. [ES3]Figure 2 A large data set will be collected over a period of 4-6 weeks, and daily logs will be completed for the final data analysis. Statistical data analysis using ANOVA will be applied to both experiments to compare the percentage of growth in different soil mixtures. As well as comparing seed germination percentages for four different treatments, ArcGIS software will be used to provide maps for this study if necessary. Petri dishes, paper filters and labels Sand paper Gibberellic acid (GA3). Native plant seeds (available at PAAFR*) Native plant seedlings (available at PAAFR*) 10cm plastic planting pots (75) (available at PAAFR*) Soil (peat moss and sand) (available at PAAFR*) Access to seed lab facility either at PAAFR* or KISR* (access fees may be applicabl For this study, safety precautions will be taken mostly when using seed lab facilities. Access lab safety check list Lab coat Long trousers Closed toe shoes Safety glasses Use of gloves Since this study will be done off campus, some expenses may apply, this is just a provisional budget plan Plane tickets (round trip from Aberdeen to Kuwait) (300  £) All materials mentioned previously might be available for use with no charge Onetime payment for seed lab access of 50  £ Petrol fees maybe applicable once experiment location is determined around 100  £ if the experiment is done over a period of six weeks. References Bolling, J. and Walker, L. (2000). Plant and soil recovery along a series of abandoned desert roads. Journal of Arid Environments, 46(1), pp.1-24. Brown, G. (2003) Factors maintaining plant diversity in degraded areas of northern Kuwait, Journal of Arid Environments, 54(1), pp. 183-194. Brown, G. and Al-Mazrooei, S. (2003). Rapid vegetation regeneration in a seriously degraded Rhanterium epapposum community in northern Kuwait after 4 years of protection. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(4), pp.387-395. Brown, G. and Schoknecht, N. (2001) Off-road vehicles and vegetation patterning in a degraded desert ecosystem in Kuwait, Journal of Arid Environments, 49(2), pp. 413-427. Derbel, S. and Chaieb, M. (2007). Germination behaviour and seedling establishment of two desert shrubs,Calligonum polygonoides(Polygonaceae) andSpartidium saharae(Fabaceae), under experimental conditions. Acta Botanica Gallica, 154(4), pp.533-544. Derbel, S., Touzard, B., Triki, M. and Chaieb, M. (2010). Seed germination responses of the Saharan plant species Ephedra alata ssp. alenda to fungicide seed treatments in the laboratory and the field. Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205(7), pp.471-474. Dhief, A., Gorai, M., Aschi-Smiti, S. and Neffati, M. (2009) Comparative phenological and water potential patterns of three Calligonum species in the eastern great Erg of Tunisia, Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 204(8), pp. 581-592. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2008.07.007. Dosery, N.A., Mathew, M., Suresh, N. and Al-Menaie, H.S. (2012) Kuwaits agricultural efforts to mitigate climate change, Energy Procedia, 18, pp. 1441-1445 Hanafi, A. and Jauffret, S. (2008). Are long-term vegetation dynamics useful in monitoring and assessing desertification processes in the arid steppe, southern Tunisia. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(4), pp.557-572. Kassas, M. (1995). Desertification: a general review. Journal of Arid Environments, 30(2), pp.115-128. Stringer, L. (2008). Reviewing the International Year of Deserts and Desertification 2006: What contribution towards combating global desertification and implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification? Journal of Arid Environments, [online] 72(11), pp.2065-2074. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196308001742 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2017]. Whitford, W. (2006). Ecology of desert systems. 1st ed. San Diego: Academic Press, pp.275-304. [ES1]This sentence wasnt very clear please read and check it and let me know if you think Ive accidentally changed the meaning! [ES2]Not quite sure what you mean by with the help of vegetation? [ES3]I would change the title of the Figure to: Illustration showing different ratios of sand to peat for three different species

Catharsis in As You Like It Essay

Literature is meant to teach. Its purpose is to shed light upon the soul and offer up the best and worst of humanity. All the stories we read, all the characters we relate to and begin to understand, they all have a tale to tell and a lesson to be learned. This is precisely what makes literature so vital to the human spirit. It is here that we enter the world of William Shakespeare’s As You Like It , a story set in a fantastical forest. As we follow the true love of Orlando and Rosalind and the brotherly betrayal by Oliver and Duke Frederick, readers begin to have a spiritual renewal, a cleansing of their spirit, while observing the conflicts that take place. As You Like It is a play where characters seek out truth and simplicity in the Forest of Arden, a mystical place that offers a chance for time to stop and the mind to mend. We come to believe, through the text, that there is an element of evil, but that it only exists in the court and society outside the forest. William Shakespeare involves â€Å"his characters in issues and events which force decisions literally touching the emotional strings of tragedy† (Champion 447) but without the death, destruction, and despair typical of that genre. The characters are safe to experience a new type of living while in the confines and safety of the wood and hopefully restore a balance they all so dearly strive for. The concept of catharsis was first discussed by Aristotle in his treatise Poetics , which was primarily a work on the aesthetics of poetry. He believed that â€Å"the poet’s aim is to produce pleasure in the spectator by eliciting from the representation the emotions of pity (for others) and fear (for oneself)† (â€Å"oetics†). He was in firm disagreement with his teacher Plato on the validity of catharsis, believing that the purging of emotions is beneficial. Although most readers associate catharsis with tragedy, especially works like Macbeth and King Lear , it is easily found in Shakespeare’s comedies. William Thompson, in his essay â€Å"Freedom and Comedy†, explains the differences between these two genres: â€Å"Comedy offers a way out, a rebirth; tragedy also offers a way out, but it is a way through evil, through death. Comedy avoids evil; tragedy confronts it† (216). Tragedy is a necessary element in a comedy; without out it there would be no conflict, thus no harmonious resolution for the end of the play. The moral lessons are not always as clear in As You Like It , as compared with the tragedies, but the same cathartic process takes place nevertheless. It is precisely through the mishaps and misfortunes of comedic characters, and the optimistic end they all experience, that gives the reader a â€Å"purification of †¦ emotions by vicarious experience† (â€Å"Catharsis†). The themes and actions of As You Like It reinforce, in a cathartic process, that evil, hate, and wrong-doing can be overcome with love, simplicity, and the generous nature of the human spirit. HBO’s As You Like It A fine example of the night and day relationship between brothers, and the spiritual renewal with both character and audience, is exemplified with the Dukes. At the beginning of the play the reader is informed that Duke Senior, the rightful ruler, has been usurped by his brother, Duke Frederick, and banished to the woods. Charles, a wrestler within the court, says that Duke Senior has â€Å"many young men flock to him every day and / fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden / world† (13; I. i. 116-118). We are given a comparison between the evils represented within the new court and the timelessness of the Forest. Duke Frederick, the usurper, continues his path of paranoia and wickedness when accusing his niece, Rosalind, of being her father’s spy. He commands: â€Å"Mistress, dispatch you with your safest haste, / and get you from our court† (37; I. iii. 40-41). Frederick not only wants his wronged niece out of court for fear of spying, but also because Rosalind is pitied by the people, and is a constant reminder of Frederick’s actions against his beloved brother. He rightfully wants to lead without his â€Å"good† brother overshadowing him in his subject’s eyes. All of the action up to this point is showing conflict and tragedy to the audience in preparation for the happy resolution of these events, giving a realistic depth to the problems faced, and allowing the audience to relate on a personal level. On the other hand, in the forest, Duke Senior is happy and content. He opens Act Two with a rousing speech championing simplicity and joy: Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, Hath not old custom made this life for sweet Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods More free from peril than the envious court? Here we feel not the penalty of Adam, (49; II. i. 1-5) How striking it is that after being overthrown and having his life shattered, Duke Senior finds joy, happiness, and freedom within the Forest of Arden – that the â€Å"penalty of Adam† does not touch him there. It gives hope to the readers – which changes in circumstances, that evil done by intimates, can still transform into something more valuable. To be cliche, yet appropriate, as one door closes, another opens. William Thompson theorizes that â€Å"comedy is a play about freedom, a play in which evil is mastered† (218). Here is the first instance of comedic catharsis, of evil being faced head on and destroyed – it is the spiritual renewal of Duke Senior’s soul after seemingly tragic events that would and does break other men. Another instance of the cathartic elements between brotherly conflicts occurs with Oliver and Orlando. The play opens with Orlando bemoaning his current affairs to his faithful family servant – â€Å"He [Oliver] keeps me rustically at home †¦ for call you / that keeping for a gentlemen of my birth that / differs not from the stalling of an ox† (7;I. i. 6-9). He is angered by the Elizabethan tradition that gives the eldest son the whole inheritance, and offers nothing to the siblings. While speaking with Oliver, during a physical altercation, Orlando accuses: My father charged you in his will to give me good education. You have trained me like a peasant, obscuring and hiding from me all gentlemanlike qualities (11; I. i. 65-69) Orlando simply wants to feel worthy of others, to have the confidence and ability of interacting at the upper echelons of society, something that a great majority of reader’s relate to. Themes of insecurity echo throughout the character arc of Orlando. Larry Champion explains that â€Å"the comic experience is frequently one of self revelation† (429) which can not occur until the brothers find themselves in the safety of the Forest. Oliver is commanded to enter the forest and find his brother, one who he tried to kill and admittedly one who he has â€Å"never loved my brother in my life† (91; III. 1. 13-14). With both brothers in the forest the concept of healing enters the audience’s mind, who understands that all will have to be well in the end, for this is still a comedy in nature. Oliver, while sleeping in the woods, is threatened by a snake and lioness. Orlando comes upon the scene and â€Å"twice did he turn his back and purposed so, / but kindness, nobler ever than revenge / †¦ made him give battle to the lioness† (165; IV. iii. 134-137). Oliver continues the tale saying that â€Å"When from the first to last betwixt us two / Tears our recountments hand most kindly bathed† (165; IV. iii. 148-149). The brothers have reconciled in the face of danger, their angers forced upon the beast within the magical forest. The healing in the play must cure the brothers de Boys for this comedy to make sense. If it did not, then Orlando and Oliver would simply be shallow impersonations of Edmund and Edgar from King Lear , offering little hope, little renewal to the audience, who would no doubt see pieces of themselves and their kin in Orlando and Oliver. It is the revelation of how the conflicts resolve themselves that offer up the cathartic healing. Perhaps the most optimistic cathartic elements of As You Like It occur during Orlando’s quest for â€Å"worthiness† of Rosalind. There first meeting offers hope against the backdrop of a courtly wrestling match. Orlando is fighting to save his honor and win from his brother the right to be educated as a gentleman, for he is very aware of his status. After winning the match Rosalind gives Orlando a token of her love, â€Å"Wear this for me – one out of suits with fortune, / That could give more but that her hand lacks / means† (32; I. ii. 244-245) for which Orlando is unable to respond. He is not, in his own mind, educated and worthy of her. This predicament will cause distress and drive the comedy in the following scenes, for â€Å"the comic hero recognizes a restraint upon his freedom, but he is no reforming philosopher †¦ and the closest evil †¦ is his own impotent and limited body† (Thompson 219). The reader is now set upon a course where the progress and growth of Orlando, as a worthy man, will meet head on with his true love in Rosalind. Deeper into the play we find Orlando caring for his elderly manservant Adam. They are fleeing the wrath of Oliver, in an unknown forest, hungry and tired. Orlando comes upon Duke Senior, and his men, brandishing a sword, commanding â€Å"Forbear, and eat no more† (79; II. vii. 92). Adam is dying of hunger and Orlando is desperate, he explains that â€Å"The thorny point / Of bare distress hath ta’en from me the show / Of smooth civility† (79; II. vii. 99-101). Orlando can not contemplate a world where this show of force would be inappropriate – he is in survival mode, having released his primal nature in the woods. Duke Senior, being entirely at ease in the magical forest, speaks lainly: â€Å"Your gentleness shall force / More that your force move us to gentleness† (79; II. vii. 107-108) and asks Orlando to â€Å"sit down and feed, and welcome to our table† (79; II. vii. 110). His lack of worldly knowledge coupled with the devastating effect of betrayal from his kin, leads Orlando to a world that he believes is savage, dark, and treacherous. What we all hope for is the shedding of his guard an d the reconciliation with Rosalind in true love giving the audience and reader a strong sense of faith. His acceptance of Duke Senior’s kindness is a first step to renewing a new faith in man. It is through the next three acts that the reader will watch the growth of Orlando. From his interactions with Jaques, to the practice wooing of â€Å"Ganymede†, Orlando gains the confidence needed to properly wed Rosalind. The audience finds this story of true love inspiring, proving that gentleness and persistence will be rewarded. By the end of Act Five all conflict has been resolved. The Dukes are reconciled, with Frederick entering the wood to find a religious monk. Oliver is married to Cecilia, being a changed man, and the better for it. The two young lovers Phebe and Silvious are forever wed, although immature in love. And of course Orlando, through his trials and tribulations, becomes worthy of Rosalind’s hand. Although we know that comedies end with happiness and we expect no sharp plot deviations, it is within the journey a character takes, and the manner in which adversity is handled, that a catharsis takes place. We are left with lessons learned, stored in the collective memory bank of experience what may ensue when you take, or don’t take, action. Put simply, catharsis is the emotional understanding of what may transpire at any given moment. Through the vicarious experience with a character, the shared feeling of their passion and pain, we are given the opportunity for growth without any of the real world consequences that may follow – this is the benefit, genius, and grace of a cathartic moment with literature.

Losing Presidential Candidates Who Were Nominated Again

How to Raise Your Hand in Class

Do you get the urge to sink into your chair when you know the answer to a question that your teacher has asked? Of course you already know how to raise your hand. But do you avoid it because its scary? Many students find that their entire vocabulary (and ability to think) disappears when they try to speak up in class. If this sounds familiar, youre not alone. But there are a few reasons why you should build up that courage and express yourself. For one thing, youll find that you become more self-assured every time you speak up (as painful as it may seen at the time), so the experience gets easier and easier. And another good reason? Your teacher will appreciate it. After all, teachers enjoy feedback and participation. By raising your hand in class, youre showing the teacher that you really care about your classroom performance. This can pay off at report card time! Difficulty Hard (scary sometimes) Time Required From 5 minutes to 5 weeks for comfort Heres How Do your reading assignments before you go to class. This is important for giving yourself a strong sense of self-confidence. You should go to class with an understanding of the topic at hand.Review the previous days notes right before class. On the margins of your notes, write down key words that will help you locate a certain topic quickly. Once again, the more prepared you feel, the more at ease youll feel when you speak in class.Now that youve done all the necessary reading, you should feel confident about the lecture material. Take excellent notes as your teacher lectures. Jot down key words in the margins of your notes if you have time.When the teacher asks a question, quickly locate the topic using your key words.Take a moment to breath and relax. Sort your thoughts by creating a mental outline in your head.With your writing hand, jot down a brief outline of your thoughts in response to the teachers question if you have time.Raise your other hand in the air.Dont feel pressured to blurt out your answer quickly. Look or think over your outline. Answer deliberately and slowly if necessary. Tips Dont ever be embarrassed by your answer! If its partly right, youve done a good job. If its completely off-base, the teacher will probably realize that he/she needs to re-word the question.Keep trying, even if you turn red and stammer at first. Youll find that it gets easier with experience.Dont get cocky! If you get lots of answers right and you get proud and cocky about it, others will think youre obnoxious. That wont do you any good. Dont alienate yourself by trying to impress the teacher. Your social life is important, too. What You Need One hand.A pencil and paper.Good class notes.The confidence that comes with doing the readings.A little courage.

Summary Of Kill A Mockingbird - 839 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird –Intervention (Postlude) It was the beginning of yet another cold night. The sun was descending into the great unknown, allowing for the moon to take its place until the morning. Mayella stood and watched this phenomena, something she had never paid much attention to before. She stood silently before the filth and chaos of the junkyard, admiring the beauty of something so simple, something so full of wonder. It had now been a mere two weeks since her father’s death, though it felt like an eternity. Mayella was torn between two mentalities. On one hand, she loathed her father and what he did to her family; but on the other, she loved him. He was the only person she could ever turn to, even though he would always let her down. She had spent the past two weeks wondering why she couldn’t just hate him and move on. Suddenly, she heard a familiar voice call out, interrupting her thoughts. â€Å"Mayella, ain’t you gonna tuck us in?† It was Burris, her younger brother. Mayella composed herself and walked towards the children’s makeshift bedroom, a thin cotton sheet draped over upright pieces of wood. She entered the bedroom to find the seven children sharing one old mattress. â€Å"Sorry, I-I just got a little distracted,† she said softly. One by one, she kissed her siblings good night. Burris lay at the end of the line, his gaunt body curled up in the foetal position. As she reached over to him, his wide eyes gazed into hers. When she stared back, she noticed somethingShow MoreRelatedSummary of To Kill a Mockingbird891 Words   |  4 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird many morals about the themes in the novel are portrayed through different issues and events. The major themes are appearance vs. reality courage, maturity and prejudice. Each of these themes has an event in the novel that help the reader understand its message. Courage is shown by different characters in varying ways throughout the novel. These characters are Jem, Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose and Atticus. Jem shows a small amount of courage when Atticus decides to face a lynchRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1080 Words   |  5 PagesAnna Bolger Mr. Connell English 1 8/18/201 Summer assignment 1. To Kill a Mockingbird took place in the nineteen thirties during the great depression. It was in a small town called Maycomb, Alabama. The author used this setting because most of the Midwest was desperate and racism affected the lives of about everyone. This was not however the only setting the story could take place in. For instance the story could’ve taken place around the George Zimmerman trial in modern trials. 2. The chief conflictsRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1034 Words   |  5 PagesJack Scott Mrs.Olsen Pre AP English III-8 29th April 2016 To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 1-11 Retest assignment The novel of TKAM takes various readers across the world into the many places of human life behavior that is compelling to the individuals containing dramatic experiences of kindness,love,passion,and cruelty, all in which is present throughout the book. The reasons for exploration in the novel’s larger questions takes place within the own perspectives of the children in whichRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1030 Words   |  5 Pages The setting of To Kill a Mockingbird is in Maycomb County, which is a unrealistic district in Southern Alabama. The years are in the early 1930s, the time of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were a widespread in the U.S. The town of Maycomb is pretty sloppy because streets are not paved and got turned into red slop ( red mud). The people in the town are really nice and had a bunch of old ladies baking delicious cakes and town sheriffs saying folsky things. The courthouse isRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1406 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: Crit 1, 3 4. Answer in full sentences and provide evidence from the text to support your answers. Evidence includes explanation and quotes. When you are quoting put the page number next to the quote. Eg ( p 28) Chapter 22: Although Atticus did not want his children in court, he defends Jem s right to know what has happened. Explain, in your own words, Atticus reasons for this. (Look at the speech beginning, â€Å"This is their home, sister†.) p 231. Atticus feels thatRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 724 Words   |  3 PagesRyan Saunderson Mr. Chishty Eng/LA 9 12 February 2017 To Kill A Mockingbird Questions 1 Describe each of the following members of the Finch family: (a) Atticus, (b) Scout, (c) Jem, (d) Calpurnia. Atticus- Scout and Jem’s father. Atticus is a widowed lawyer in Maycomb County that comes from a family that has always lived in the area. Atticus seems to be a very progressive person, has a dry sense of humor. Scout- Jean Louise Finch, or â€Å"Scout†, is very intelligent as she knows how to read and writeRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesEmily Hontiveros Ms. Albuquerque English I - Honors 11 September 2014 To Kill A Mockingbird â€Å"But I want to play with Walter, Aunty, why can’t I?† She took off her glasses and stared at me. â€Å"I’ll tell you why,† she said, â€Å"Because- he – is – trash, that’s why you can’t play with him† (Lee, 256). Imagine you were a small child hearing those words being told to you. You would not fully understand the reason why your aunt decides that, but you comply to her verdict. Flash forward to now, you’reRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 1645 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is told from the view of Jean Louise (Scout) Finch. It is through her we are introduced to the social injustice, racial prejudice and problems rife in Maycomb’s society. Through Lee’s use of characters, objects and events we see how these issues are permeated into society, and I will be delving into these and explaining how they present the town of Maycomb. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of WalterRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 987 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Racial relations have always been hard. No matter, if they were between Christians and Muslims, Germans and Jews, or even the White and Black men, we have always been racially prejudiced as a whole people. A lot of countries’ government workers like to separate the minority just because of their skin color or the sound of their voice, especially, the white and black men in the United States. Many families are still not letting their daughters date a dark skin. Many cops areRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird 2082 Words   |  9 Pages‘TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD’ CHAPTER ONE: †¢ Maycomb is a poor, old and small town. Atticus Finch has a farm called Finch’s Landing that has supported their family for many years. †¢ Radley is a loner and because of the stories about Boo Radley †¢ The narrative voice and viewpoint are both from scouts point of view CHAPTER TWO †¢ Scout wants to go to school with Jem and she likes to read, that’s why she is looking forward to starting school. †¢ Jem is embarrassed of what Scout would do so he doesn’t want

Clearing the Smoke with Education Free Essays

Do you want to die? Do you want your children to experience early deaths? These questions run through my mind every time I witness people puffing away on their cigarettes. It genuinely hurts me to see parents smoking around their children. As if this isn†t enough to promote smoking among the young, there are a number of other elements that encourage them to smoke. We will write a custom essay sample on Clearing the Smoke with Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now As one writer explains, â€Å"They†ve learned from movies and advertising that smoking makes them more mature and sophisticated† (Chen 29). They would look anything but sophisticated lying in the morgue with family and friends hovering over, grieving. This case is closed! The cause of death is lung cancer at age 35. Also as another writer states, â€Å"Recently tobacco companies have found new ways to promote their products to youth. They support their sporting events and concerts, and even give them discounts on hip clothing† (Schwartz). We, the people, need to come up with a sensible solution on how to cut down on cigarette smoking amongst the young and old. There are many sensible solutions that could be tried. We could always pass a law stating complete prohibition of tobacco products, but as we look back at the 18th Amendment, prohibition of alcohol, that may not be such a wise choice. Some may say that prohibition should be passed on tobacco products because they are un-nutritional. That statement is a farce! This couldn†t be passed as a general rule because â€Å"†¦ there†s absolutely no nutritional reason for adding salt to food, or consuming beer, whiskey, butter, potato chips, and candy†¦ † (Williams 35). My view is if prohibition were to pass, that†s fine, but we should brace ourselves for a new generation for Al Capones. This is why it is time to take the initiative to educate our selves and the younger generation on the harmfulness of tobacco products. First of all, I think everyone has the common knowledge that â€Å"tobacco products are harmful†(Bowles 32). So why do people use them? The first puff of a cigarette is usually the result of curiosity or, perhaps, peer pressure when talking about a group of teenagers. I am challenging you to go out and ask as many regular smokers as you can if they read the Surgeon General warning on the back of a pack of cigarettes. I wish you luck in trying to find someone who will respond positively. So really people have no true knowledge about tobacco other than what is told to them. If people listen when they are told that tobacco products are harmful, maybe if we dig deeper and pull out specific consequences and real life stories, smokers would truly understand the danger they are in. As writer, Sally Chen states, the biggest danger would be â€Å"†¦ how hard it is to stop once you†ve started† (Chen 29). Chen also shares the thought that â€Å"[Tobacco is] an addictive drug that not only harms the user but everyone else through secondary smoke† (30). Also, because tobacco products are extremely un-nutritional, if we help to lower the amount of smokers, we will help to lower health care costs. This aspect of saving money is one that everyone would embrace! Perhaps if we educate people they will never start, hence avoiding the danger of addiction. Unfortunately, I will admit that there are hills to climb before we can start this education process. First, will people listen? Educating children wouldn†t be as difficult has educating adults. With children we could incorporate smoking education into their everyday schooling where they are forced to listen or they fail. I am proposing that there should be in depth information presented to the children about the consequences of smoking. For example, when I took a chemistry course, my instructor would preach on how careful you had to be when working with chemicals. He would use real life stories to explain what happens when we misuse the chemicals. A lot of the time I was terrified to use some of these chemicals for fear of getting burned or going blind. If we do the same when educating people about smoking, we may get somewhere in the fight to decrease the percentage of people who do smoke. We have to understand that we cannot make anyone listen, but if a child fails the course, it will be repeated until the child passes. When the child passes, it signifies that they know the information and, hopefully, that it sunk in. Some may argue that this â€Å"un-important† subject could take away from other school subjects. Let me ask you this, does learning about the human body in health class take away from other subjects. Or how about the learning of alcohol when taking a Safety Ed course? When you look at this objection as a whole, there are really no downsides to this option. However, it can be extremely beneficial. Sure, children need to pay attention to their English and Math courses, but will they be able to use them in the future if they are lying in a hospital bed with emphysema? I don†t think so. Incorporating smoking education into the everyday health classes is not a hazard, but rather a swift start to a smoke free America. However, with adults it may not be this easy. You cannot make adults come to school, as you can with children. Adults have to want to be educated in order to be educated. Newspaper advertisements are a good way to present the hazards of smoking. Catchy headlines and striking attention getters are a requirement if we want adults to read more than the first line. There could be advertisements posting dates and times on classes where you can go and learn about the effects of smoking. These classes are for people who want to quit, which is why newspaper articles are needed to make people think twice about smoking. Television commercials or, perhaps, infomercials are other alternatives to getting the public†s attention. Once people begin to understand what smoking is really about, if they are smart, they will want to quit. Another question that may arise is where are we going to get the money to fund these classes? Money isn†t a problem when smoking classes are being taught in the schools. Nothing changes in that sense. As for funding outside of school classes, such as those available to adults, there are some simple solutions to raising money. Getting support from larger anti-smoking organizations is always a plus and sometimes they will even provide donations to organizations that they find to be beneficial to people. Another way to raise money is through fundraisers. Setting up walk-a-thons and other health related events is always a good way to raise money, and it†s also a good way to make your organization well known. Putting taxes on cigarettes is not an option that should be forgotten. There are copious ways that these classes can be funded, so there is no ned for it to be made into a major issue. Education is a positive solution in preventing smoking among all age groups. If people are properly educated, the end result should be rewarding. As smoking decreases from generation to generation, the health of the American people will increase and life expectancies may rise also. Being human myself, I know that people will listen, as long as they are not forced to, for â€Å"†¦ mankind always struggles to be free† (Bowles 33). We need to approach this problem with gentleness, but with confidence that we can prevent the smoking problem from becoming bigger. The goal here is to help people enjoy long, healthy lives. Use your right to choose wisely, because you have the right to live! How to cite Clearing the Smoke with Education, Papers

Achievement Of Competitive Advantage Market-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Achievement Of Competitive Advantage Market? Answer Introducation Organizational change is the consistent part of the culture of an organization- may it be business or academic or political one. The purpose of the organizational change in most of the cases pertains to the achievement of competitive advantage is a market. Change theories and models are first interpreted, then incorporated and then implemented in an organization that associates more than basic innovative processes(Morgan, 2013). Since change is operated at almost all the layers of an organization, it imposes an important component through the organizational leadership quality. There are different change management models and theories that encompass specific shift from the existing operations to the proposed one. The aim of every organization is to confirm the acceptance of the changes by the employees so as to find out the basic concept in terms of creating the effort for the basic changes where this would find out how effective this is. Management of change is used as an important tool for the business organization to incur effective innovation in core operational process. In this context Lewins change management model can be studied and then applied for further analysis. The other important change management model or theory that can be used and applied for further study is McKinseys 7-S Model. Since the change management in this paper is going to be captivated within the contextual framework of an organization, the aforementioned theories and models are supposed to be apt for the entire understanding of the process(Jay, 2013). Both the models are absolutely associated with the core understanding of the change management process. Following two important aspects can be taken into certain consideration for comprehension of the organizational change: Objectivism Social Constructionism Following the theories it can be stated that the organizational change can be driven through the better understanding of the process in terms of creating an effective case that has been taken into the basic and rudimentary management studies (Burr, 2015) . According to the basic philosophy of objectivism, there is no better goal for an individual than to attain happiness. Since we are talking about the organizational change, the better goals would be identified as the benefit and the profit that an organization strives to achieve in its business practices . Objectivism encompasses optimistic thought process of an organization including its management body, its employees and its external and internal stakeholders. The change is proposed or brought in to effect in order to hoard the greater number of the organizational members for the purpose of ensuring collective thought process that would bring happiness for all the members working together in an organization. Objectivism as detail ed by Ayn Rand, talks about the relationship between different thought processes that help deliver effective ideas to procure organizational success. On the other hand, social constructionism deals with the theory of knowledge or communication. The change in the mode of communication in an organization becomes quite important as it develops cohesive understanding among the employees. One of the most important aspects that have been taken into certain consideration with this topic is that constant communicative development and strength among the employees would be delivering into the fact of important understanding that would drive an organization towards its overall business success. Workforce cohesion has put under constant emphasis because it leads the organizations towards utter success(Klein, Becker, Meyer, 2012). The overall cognitive business development of the organization leads to the effective implementation of the business strategies and if the communication level among the employees is channelized properly, it would focus on the effective understanding and collaborative effort thus resulting in fruitful development of the entire workforce. Constructionism is again considered to be theory dealing with positive aspects of an organization. The theory of constructionism encompasses the rationalization of the experience with the help of the creation of social world. The model is reified through verbal communication or language. In order to bring change in an organization there is a clear chance to fight against the lacunas that is prevalent effectively. Change management models designed by the Lewin would be incorporating these concepts of lingual development that has to be taken into certain understanding that has to be developed through cognitive understanding of the process (Barrett, Thomas, Hocevar, 2015). As a matter of fact, there is clear chance to incorporate the basic need of change and then work according to the frame proposed by the entire workforce. as a matter of fact this has to be taken into taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the fact that thi s has to be the most important aspect of how the organizations would introduce and bring changes with effective implementation since the theoretical understandings have to be taken into certain understanding of the process this has to be taken into certain consideration with the effective understanding that has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the fact. Social constructionism deals with the individual perception shared assumption. In an organization this theory can be implement ted in order to ensure reciprocity within the workforce. Since in many of the organizations have workforce diversity and they need to ensure the individuals in the workforce that those individuals need to respond positively to the actions and reactions of each other, social cohesion and constructive attitude becomes important for them. This is how; revelation and conciliation of the employees working together in an organization becomes important(Langley, Smal lman, Tsoukas, Van de Ven, 2013). The social and cultural association of the employees in an organization is emphasized in due course of time. Using an organisation that you are familiar with (you may use information in the public domain, i.e. from organisational websites and other forms of media to assist you): In this context the change management of Woolworths has been discussed and analyzed with the help of the aforementioned theories and models. It has already been discussed that the organizational change management incurs the concept of bringing and executing change in order to excel the quality if operations performed within the organization. Eventually incorporation of the theories would be effectively processed through the conceptual understanding of how the operational works are performed in Woolworths, Australia. Before doings so, an introductory concept needs to be built up pertaining to the organization(Thomas, 2014). Woolworths, being one of the largest retailers operating in Australia and New Zealand has been registering significant growth in the core operational process. Unfreeze: Unfreeze is the process that is aimed at preparing any organization to anticipate the changes. This might be achieved by illumination of the need for changes, and the driving frces and the danger of not accepting the changes. This process includes challenging the beliefs and value systems within the company and developing an analogue of prosperity and of course success if the needed change is implemented. In terms of Woolworths Limit(Cameron Green, 2015)ed, the driving forces of change constitute of the narrowing down of the fortune of the company in terms of its grip on the capital, the ongoing low sales volumes, decline in the turnover, loosing important number o the customers thus hindering certain prosperity in the process of attracting greater number of the customers. As a matter of fact, an important number of the support workers have been reduced by the organization thus lowering down the moral boost of the employees. This has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective consideration of the case that was highly effective in terms of creating an effective understanding of the process(Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, Van der Voet, 2014). The reduction of the staffs thus entailing the loosening of the moral strength of the employees can be studied and assessed through the theory of social constructionism where the employees have not been able to find a link to possess a moral and existing social value within the organization. In this context it can be stated that most of the employees have remained abstruse whether they are secured in the organization. Objectivism leads to the extension of independent mind. Woolworths has always been supporting innovation in operational process. This stage of the change includes the individuals to search for ways to make changes. The behavior and general attitude gets directed towards supporting the changes during the metamorphosis. The individuals examine how they are affected by the change and Woolsworths changing process was completely focused on reducing costs and streamlining the operations of the organization. According to Lewin, the second change i.e. the change looks into the factor for the exact understanding of how the things are done in a particular way. In this context the behavior and attitude of the people working in an organization is directed towards acceptance of the change introduced. In case of Woolworths, the change is also addressed towards their own life- how they are benefited in person. In recent years, Woolworths has focused on cost reduction and it has decided to implement the plan upon its workforce thus reducing the number of heads. If we consider objectivism and apply this to the second stage of Lewins change management model, this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process that has been highly impactful in this essence. In this regards, it can be stated that the change is undoubtedly going to bring benefits for the company in terms of saving its extra operational expenses. The organizations like Woolsworth, exihibit signs of refreeze by the job descriptions and organizational charts. This stage helps the workforce to internalize the changes, and in this stage the most of the workforce is stable and content about the future of the organization. This cycle is somewhat linked to the competitive environment of Woolsworth Limited and this model consists of innovative phases that includes discovery of lates business ideas and also this leads to a breaking point where the efficiency phase is characterized by the exit of efficient organizations. In an organization like Woolworths, the changing process encompassed departure of few senior employees including the head of the brand strategy. the organization cut costs more than 500 million US dollars and still investing this amount into other lucrative business opportunities. The organization established that they have lost the loyalty of their clients and aims to regain it in no time and this change process encompassed a two years investment in data analytics. Through job descriptions and the organizational charts, the changes are exhibited (Goetsch Davis, 2014). In this stage, Lewin proposes that the employees are guided to internalize the changes in need. In this stage most of the employees are observed to be stable and flexible to accept those changes. Incorporating the change in everyday business would definitely help the employees in every layer of the organization to find out how effective this would be for the entire understanding of the cultural discourses within the o rganizations. Lewins Change Management Model: Unfreeze is the process that is aimed at preparing any organization to anticipate the changes. This might be achieved by illumination of the need for changes, and the driving frces and the danger of not accepting the changes. This process includes challenging the beliefs and value systems within the company and developing an analogue of prosperity and ofcourse success if the needed change is implemented. In terms of Woolworths Limited, the driving forces of change constitute of the narrowing down of the fortune of the company in terms of its grip on the capital, the ongoing low sales volumes, decline in the turnover, loosing important number o the customers thus hindering certain prosperity in the process of attracting greater number of the customers This stage of the change includes the individuals to search for ways to make changes. The behavior and general attitude gets directed towards supporting the changes during the metamorphosis. The individuals examine how they are affected by the change and Woolsworths changing process was completely focused on reducing costs and streamlining the operations of the organization. According to Lewin, the second change i.e. the change looks into the factor for the exact understanding of how the things are done in a particular way. The organizations like Woolsworth, exihibit signs of refreeze by the job descriptions and organizational charts. This stage helps the workforce to internalize the changes, and in this stage the most of the workforce is stable and content about the future of the organization. This cycle is somewhat linked to the competitive environment of Woolworth Limited and this model consists of innovative phases that includes discovery of lattes business ideas and also this leads to a breaking point where the efficiency phase is characterized by the exit of efficient organizations(Bolman Deal, 2017). Draw up a SWOT analysis, as a table, to assess what has caused the need for the organisational change which you identified in question 2 above, then explain, discuss and integrate your analysis, including a conclusion that summarise the current state of the business and connects this to why the change was (or is being) implemented. Strength Weakness i) Cost Reduction ii) Focus on establishing Integrity Among the Existing employees iii)Change in the managerial body has effectively brought the force into firm operational quality. i)Sudden cut of jobs has created a lacuna among the workforce thus creating an effective gap between the head workers and the lower layer employees. ii)Sudden threat to the security in terms of job retention has created tension among the employees. this threat has also caused increase in the rate of employee turnover Opportunity Threat The change in the human resource department has effectively created broader room for the organization to build a new team accordingly The new team shall remain responsible for the usage of the potential of the existing workforce The only threat that the company would need to be addressing in the near future is that the new hiring should be trusted by the organization. In this context, it can be stated that the threat that Woolworths is right now feeling is the reduction in the expenses behind human resource department. Current State of Business: From aforementioned SWOT analysis it can be stated that in most of the cases the company deals with the change in the human resource department that has effectively highlighted the change in the core operational process. While considering the theories, it can be stated that the organization stands, at this point of time, at the verge of its workforce change. The objectivism theories had been taken into certain consideration while addressing the problems. Then, in your own words, (but using references to support you) identify and critically evaluate the benefits and drawbacks (from both the objectivist and social constructionist perspectives) of using business SWOT analyses in general to determine the need for organizations to change. From the aforementioned understanding of the product this has been taken into certain consideration of the fact that this has to be taken into the basic understanding with its different perspectives. In most of the cases, the organizations this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the fact that this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the case. If we consider the basic understanding of the objectivism, this needs to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective culture that was highly effective with the basic understanding of the process. The change process that Woolworths has encompassed pertaining to the departure of the managers has caused a change in the brand strategy. The brand strategy that was highly brought into the notice of the company has been considering the effectiveness of the changes in core operational process. However, there has been some effective consideration of the fact that this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective consideration that has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the fact that this has been taken into basic understanding of the fact that there is a clear chance to find out how effectively that would focus on the basic structure of the case that has been taken into certain consideration for the purpose of the actual case. In order to bring the change the company ought to focus on the development of moral construction and objectives of the employees. As a matter of fact, this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the cases. It has been observed that in the year 2016, Woolworths has cut 400 jobs that have resulted in significant number of employee redundancy in Melbourne. The consequence was nothing but moral degradation of the remaining employees that has resulted in a significant growth in the rate in employee turnover. Woolworths has to bring some changes that would address the greater number of the employees so as to reduce the rate of employee turnover. Since this has been take into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the entire case that has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process that has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understan ding of the case because of the its certain understanding of the issues. Hence, the decision taken by Woolworths pertaining to the staff retention has been under suspicion due to its authenticity. Lewins change model can be channelized through the effective understanding of the model that was highly impactful in the consideration of the basic case. Lewins change management model does not consider size and age of a business. Hence, it can be circumnavigated through the dynamic operational courses within a business organization. According to Lewin, change management in an organization can be related through the process of Unfreeze- Change- Freeze. Using the subject materials (overview, textbook, required readings, online material), as well as your wider reading, identify, explain and critically assess the key conceptualizations of role of the change agent, and then apply this analysis to the change in organization described above. From the aforementioned topic it can be discussed that in most of the cases the implementation of change has to be directed through executing specific activities within the organizations. Investigating change agents look through the clues that are highly impactful in terms of creating the scope for the change within the organization. In this case the change agent is analytical. On the other hand, advocating change agent helps an organization speak up in favor of the changes brought into effect. One of the most effective aspects that has been considered to be effective in terms of taking firm decision. Encouragement is another important change management factor that needs to be channelized through the working criteria of the workers. As a matter of fact, this has to be taken into certain consideration that this needs to be taken into the basic factor for the entire understanding of the fact pertaining to the effective consideration of how this would focus on the entire case. Facilitat ion is another change management tool that is utilized through the usage of its different perspectives. Mediator plays an important role in bringing change in an organization. A change ensures the goal and manages the workforce to accept the change and incorporate them in their own working competency level. This is how in most of the cases this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process pertaining to the effective consideration of the cases. Using the subject materials (topic overview, textbook, relevant required readings) as well as your wider reading, define and critically discuss both problem-centric and dialogic approaches to change. Briefly identify which theoretical ontology of organisational change (which you discussed in question 1) underpins each. Critically assess the benefits and drawbacks of each of these approaches to change management. Go on to identify which of these approaches you would prefer to use to manage the change you identified in 2a and explain why. The theory of constructionism encompasses the rationalization of the experience with the help of the creation of social world. The model is reified through verbal communication or language. In order to bring change in an organization there is a clear chance to fight against the lacunas that is prevalent effectively. Change management models designed by the Lewin would be incorporating these concepts of lingual development that has to be taken into certain understanding that has to be developed through cognitive understanding of the process. As a matter of fact, there is clear chance to incorporate the basic need of change and then work according to the frame proposed by the entire workforce. as a matter of fact this has to be taken into taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the fact that this has to be the most important aspect of how the organizations would introduce and bring changes with effective implementation since the theoretical underst andings have to be taken into certain understanding of the process this has to be taken into certain consideration with the effective understanding that has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the fact. Social constructionism deals with the individual perception shared assumption. In an organization this theory can be implement ted in order to ensure reciprocity within the workforce. Since in many of the organizations have workforce diversity and they need to ensure the individuals in the workforce that those individuals need to respond positively to the actions and reactions of each other, social cohesion and constructive attitude becomes important for them. References Barrett, F. J., Thomas, G. F., Hocevar, S. P. (2015). The central role of discourse in large-scale change: A social construction perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 352-372. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism. Routledge. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River. New Jersey : Pearson. Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 1-20. Jay, J. (2013). Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 137-159. Klein, H. J., Becker, T. E., Meyer, J. P. (2012). Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. Routledge. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow. Academy of Management Journal, 1-13. Morgan, G. (2013). Riding the waves of change. Imaginization Inc. Thomas, W. R. (2014). What Is the Objectivist Theory of Knowledge (Epistemology). The Atlas Society.